In case if you want to allow user ‘anoop’ to run ‘rsync’ command without prompting password. Add the following entry at the end of /etc/sudoers (better use the command ‘visudo’ that alerts on syntax errors)

anoop ALL = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/rsync

You may add more commands seperated with commas, like : anoop ALL = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/rsync , /PATH/to/some-other-command.

Hope this will be helpful for some one.
_^_

http://robrohan.com/2009/01/30/saving-a-customised-linux-amazon-instance-ec2-and-s3/

I will post my experience later. I wanna blog like these guys.. really great posts.

Until I post that let me share these links which would be helpfulful:

https://open-esb.dev.java.net/60mintutorial/exercise1.html

https://open-esb.dev.java.net/60mintutorial/exercise2.html

http://java.dzone.com/articles/introduction-integration-and-o

1.chown root:root /usr/bin/sudo
2.chmod 4111 /usr/bin/sudo
3.If this doesnt work make sure that the commnd used (eg:sudo gem list) is added to user’s permission at /etc/sudoers and check the command path is correct say gem can be on /usr/local/bin/gem or /usr/bin/gem. The same can be happened with other commands too. You may find the path of a command by $which gem (the command name)

1.Download latest version of Apache HTTP Server.

2.Untar the file and change directory to the httpd folder created on uncompression.

3.Do the Apche compilation as Root user as follows:

#./configure –prefix=/opt/installs/apache2 –enable-deflate –enable-proxy –enable-proxy-html –enable-proxy-balancer –enable-rewrite –enable-cache–enable-mem-cache –enable-ssl –enable-headers

#make

#make install

*note it should be –enable so edit it if ists shown as ‘-’ on copying ..I had faced that many times on copy-paste

Add the following entries at end of httpd.conf

#note: This to connect Apache with Mongrel on 4000 and 4001 ports, if you wanna add a differnt server use that servers local or public IP instead of 127.0.0.1

#added on rails clustering by anoop

<Proxy balancer://mycluster>

# cluster member 1

BalancerMember http://127.0.0.1:6000

BalancerMember http://127.0.0.1:6001

</proxy>

#these virtual host contains the main configurations including mod deflate rules
<VirtualHost *:80>

ServerAdmin admin@greentripp.in

ServerName localhost.localdomain

ServerAlias localhost

ProxyPass / balancer://mycluster/

ProxyPassReverse / balancer://mycluster/

ErrorLog /var/log/apache_error_log

CustomLog /var/log/apache_access_log combined

#Deflate rules used in LB1 by anoop

AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/plain

AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html

AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/xml

AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/css

AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/xml

AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/xhtml+xml

AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/rss+xml

AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/javascript

AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/x-javascript

DeflateCompressionLevel 9

BrowserMatch ^Mozilla/4 gzip-only-text/html

BrowserMatch ^Mozilla/4\.0[678] no-gzip

BrowserMatch \bMSIE !no-gzip !gzip-only-text/html

DeflateFilterNote Input instream

DeflateFilterNote Output outstream

DeflateFilterNote Ratio ratio

</VirtualHost>

Confs. over

Now start mongrel_cluster from the root folder of your rails application

# mongrel_rails start -d -e production -p 6000

# mongrel_rails start -d -e production -p 6001 -P logs/mongrel2.pid

*you may add

Start Apache HTTP server:

#/opt/installs/apache2/bin/apachectl -k start

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chnage to home of the logged in user

cd ~

Change to previous directory

cd -

To re-enter a command entered previously

!starting-letters of the command

eg:

!netstat

To list listening ports and PID:

netstat -nlp

Eg:

To list all ruby ports:

netstat -nlp | grep ruby

for tomcat n all

netstat -nlp | grep java

1.Create an Amazon EC2 account then create the keys and certificates then download them and save to your local machine.

2. set the paths as follows:

export JAVA_HOME=/home/anoop/java

export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin
export EC2_HOME=/home/anoop/ec2
export PATH=$PATH:$EC2_HOME/bin
export EC2_CERT=cert-xxxxxxx.pem
export EC2_PRIVATE_KEY=pk-xxxxxx.pem

*You should have Java and ec2 tool installed.

Now the ’server creation’ is complete, now log in to the server using

ssh -i id_my-keypair root@the_ip_address_you_got_from_amazon_and_assigned_to_your_instance

Then change the root password and you may change the settings on sshd_config so that you can use password authentication than key. Also its recommended to disable root login through ssh.

Now download the Java for Linux and install it by running the install script:

<!– @page { size: 8.5in 11in; margin: 0.79in } P { margin-bottom: 0.08in } –>

./j2sdk-1_4_2_16-linux-i586.bin

ln -s j2sdk1.4.2_16/ java

vi ~/.bash_profile

Should Have Java and Ant installed.

1. Copy the downloaded cruisecontrol-2.8.2.zip file & unzip to your installation folder.

2. change directory to cc_unzipped folder/main

3. enter the command ant -Dtest.skip=true
*I disabled Junit test after the compilation since it doesn’t work for me

After building, to confirm that the installation is consistent, start a command shell and run the following command (make sure you replace INSTALL_DIR with the actual installation directory):

java -jar INSTALL_DIR/main/dist/cruisecontrol-launcher.jar
**DON'T worry this should show an error saying config.xml is not found!

4. Create a directory “work” under the cruise-control root folder(ie, the unzipped folder)

5. change directory to the newly created ‘work’ directory and create three new folders named as: artifacts, logs, projects. Then copy our project folder to work/project

6. Create a new build.xml (vi/touch work/build.xml)
* I tried to paste my build.xml but it is truncated. So please mail me if you need one @ anpl1980@gmail.com

please read this : http://brennan.offwhite.net/blog/2004/04/29/lessons-for-ant-and-cruise-control/

7. Create work/config.xml
Eg:
* I tried to paste my build.xml but it is truncated. So please mail me if you need one @ anpl1980@gmail.com

–>

Now you would enter to The Boot Menu, if your Hardware is compatible with FC8 most of the issues can be overcome by proper BIOS settings( I had to to disable ACPI APIC disabled for a kernel panic error). So don’t get panic but read the error and interpret the error carefully.

The boot media displays a graphical boot menu with several options as shown in the below screen shot:

Select the default option(graphics mode) because it gives a description about the packages to be installed and you may go through the release notes notes during the boring(?) installation procedures which makes you inpatient. If you are color blind choose text mode

no need to say you should click “next” right?

Then “next”

You can create new partitions as you need by selecting “ Review and modify partitioning layout”!! You are going to delete all the partition in your HDD, choose a different option, if you want to keep your windows partitions.

Confirm it if you are ready for this.

Setup your network by clicking on “edit” it gives a screen like below:

Set up your “gate way” and DNS.Then Region settings as below:

Enter and confirm a Root password:

Now select packages for installation:

Uncheck “additional Fedora software” if you want a minimal installation.

Now customize the packages for installation:

Package customization: new screen shots for customization will be included in this document very soon:

You can customize different packages by clicking on “optional packages”

Please select everything from “legacy software library” “Java”, “select 100 dpi and 75 dpi fonts from Legacy fonts but try to avoid unwanted other language fonts and install minimal fonts, select xfont server, select most packages from “x-window development” “select all package starts with “system-config-”(to configure system display, sound card network etc..,”select “Mozilla-devel”.

Hardwares >> Base select only if really needed->hardware section(uncheck according to your hardware)

Click next after package selection:

After the successful installation you would get a “ First Boot Screen” (will add the screen shots in next version). Create a new user with your name. And “Finish”

system goes for a reboot

Then click on the Login screen’s “Session” and select KDE(however selection of KDE/GNOME is up to you) and make it default. I feel GNOME is more user friendly for a Windows user but takes much RAM. So experience both KDE & GNOME and make a selection yourself.

!!! I am eagerly waiting for KDE 4 on Fedora.

Post Installation and Optimization

note: This section requires feed back and Tips from you because you are the end user.

More screen shots will be added in next version of this document.

Login with your user name(not as Root)

And customize your desktop by right clicking -> “configure desktop” on KDE

add new applets like “show desktop” and “shell” by right clicking on “Panel”->”Panel Menu”->”Add applets to panel”.

Then customize look and feel by Control Center-> Appearance& Themes

*Reduce the size of Desktop icons by Control Center-> Appearance& Themes->”Icons” then “Advanced” tab and select the size for icons.

Key board shortcuts:

Select between windows – Alt+Tab

Kill Window(end task) – Ctrl+Alt+Esc

Logout – Ctrl+Alt+Del (the most used key combination in windows to kill??)

List of ruining applications/services(task manger) -Ctrl+Esc

Show Desktop – Ctrl+Alt+d (why dont you customize it to Windows Key+D)

K-menu(like start button in Windows) – Alt+F1

Run – Alt+F2

Close window – Alt+F4/ Ctrl+w

Refresh Desktop – F5

Paste – Shift+Insert (Ctrl+v,Ctrl+x,Ctrl+c works with most editors and Firefox)

Save- Ctrl+s

Select all – Ctrl+a

Undo – Ctrl+z

Redo- Ctrl+Shift+z

Find – Ctrl+F (works with Fire Fox and editors)

Find next -F3

Zoom In – Ctrl + Plus(+)

Zoom Out – Ctrl +Minus(-)

Switch to Desktop 1 to 4 – Ctrl + F1-F2 (you can go up to F12 if you have created that much desktops)

!!! Try “Prnt Scrn” and see what happens

Tip: you can customize all short cuts by going to “control center” ->”regional & accessibility”->”key board short cuts”

Adding your user to Sudoers List

sudo is a command to run root privileged commands prefix sudo before the command

Eg: sudo chckconfig –level 2345 iptables off ( command to disable service called iptables in runlevels 2345 which is a firewall)

To use a sudo the user must be added to sudoers list this can be done by:

open a shell( command prompt/cmd in windows)

the shell would be opened as your non root user name as you logged in so.

1. su

2. enter root password

3. echo ‘username ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL’ >> /etc/sudoers

*replace ‘username’ with your username

Exploring windows machines and servers:

To login to servers:

open a shell:

ssh user@server’s ip

eg:ssh postgres@192.168.1.47

To upload/download files from a server/Linux desktop machine:

open Konqueror browser(default browser in KDE)

*You can open your file system in Konqueror by clicking on the “Home picture” on panel

in address bar type:

sftp://server’s ip or hostname

eg:

sftp://192.168.1.46 or sftp://anoop

To copy/save files to a Windows machine:

smb://windows_machine_name

eg: smb://m1tutor

Installing Java-Tomcat-Eclipse

Create a Directory name “installs” in your home(cd ~) folder

mkdir installs

Download Java from (sftp://192.168.1.46/opt/fed/downz/)

download the file j2sdk-1_4_2_16-linux-i586.bin to the ‘installs’ folder(you can do this by right clciking the file ->copy to)

change to installs folder:

cd installs

./j2sdk-1_4_2_16-linux-i586.bin

follow the installation screen and complete installation.

Now Java is installed in the folder ‘installs’.

Install Tomcat:

download the file ‘jakarta-tomcat-4.1.30.tar.gz’ to ‘installs directory.

Extarct the file using the coomand:

tar xzvf jakarta-tomcat-4.1.30.tar.gz (this can be also done by right-clciking the file ->extract)

set the Paths to Java& Tomcat by editing /etc/profile as Root or

sudo vi /etc/profile

and set the path variables by adding the following lines

according to the path installed:

CATALINA_HOME=/opt/installs/jakarta-tomcat-4.1.30

TOMCAT_HOME=/opt/installs/jakarta-tomcat-4.1.30

JAVA_HOME=/opt/installs/j2sdk1.4.2_16

PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH:$HOME/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin

export PATH USER LOGNAME MAIL HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC JAVA_HOME

CATALINA_HOME TOMCAT_HOME

Eclipse installation:

Now download the file eclipse-SDK-3.2.1-linux-gtk.tar.gz

and extract it to your installs directory and create a shortcut to eclipse on your desktop and reboot the machine.

Install WINE & cabextract:

sudo yum -y install wine*

sudo yum -y install cabextract ( needed to for the installation of windows apps.)

Install IE

as no – root user (its not recommended to install IE as root due to security reasons)

download ies4linux-latest.tar.gz

tar zxvf ies4linux-latest.tar.gz

cd ies4linux-*

./ies4linux

and select IE6 and check the options to create shortcuts on desktop and menu.

• I experienced problems while installing this since its getting all files from net, so if you get errors while installing keep on installing until you get a message saying IE is installed successfully!!. and you may see the IE cloned icon on desktop if you had selected that option.

Install any other Windows apps.:

eg: Edit plus.

Copy the Editplus setup exe in to your isntalls folder then type:

wine /path/eppen231.exe

replace the path to the directory contains the exe.

Then follow the installation steps as in windows.

Install Microsoft Truetype Fonts

Download the file msttcorefonts-2.0-1.noarch.rpm from 192.168.1.46/opt/fed/downz/

sudo rpm -ivh msttcorefonts-2.0-1.noarch.rpm

Install Skype:

get the file : skype-1.4.0.118-fc5.i586.rpm

sudp rpm -ivh skype-1.4.0.118-fc5.i586.rpm (this may require installation DVD) *can check the dependency with sudo rpm -dep rpmname.rpm

MP3

—————-

sudo rpm -ivh http://rpm.livna.org/livna-release-8.rpm

sudo rpm –import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-livna

sudo yum install xmms xmms-mp3 xmms-faad2

and create a short cut to xmms player(you can fin dthe path to xmms by the command : which xmms

Disabling services not really needed

enter the command:

sudo setup

now uncheck the services not required reboot the machine for making the effect.(you can do this without rebboting using chkconfig –list , then disbale permanently using sudo chkconfig –levels 2345 ’service name’ off

then give the command:

sudo service ’service name’ stop

Suppose you have stopped wine and want to start it for running IE you can star wine by:

sudo service wine start

Careful about stopping the services you are not aware of it may affect the systems functioning, so please go through the brief description of services before stopping it:

ConsoleKit

ConsoleKit is a system daemon which serves multiple purposes for the desktop (including how users interact with the computer, Fast User Switching, automounting devices, etc). Fedora 8 has included Pulse Audio which depends on ConsoleKit, if disabled your sound may not properly function. It is highly recommended to leave ConsoleKit enabled.

NetworkManager, NetworkManagerDispatcher

NetworkManager is daemon meant to automate switching between network connections. Many laptop users who switch between Wireless WiFi connections and/or Ethernet connections may find this useful. Most stationary computers should have this disabled. Some DHCP users may require this. — NetworkManager has had significant improvements in Fedora 8. If you have hardware that works perfectly using NetworkManager, then you can try disabling the network service.

acpid

Advanced Configuration and Power Interface daemon which controls and allows interfacing to power management and certain input devices. It is recommended to be enabled only if you need it. Test disabling it, if you have power management issues (suspend, sleep, wakeup) then re-enable it.

anacron, atd, cron

These are schedulers with each having slightly different purposes. It is recommended you keep the general purpose scheduler cron enabled, especially if you keep your computer running for long periods of time. If you are running a server look into which schedulers you require. Most likely atd and anacron should be disabled for desktops/laptops. Please note that some sheduled tasks such as cleaning /tmp or /var may require specific schedulers.

auditd

This saves audit records generated by the kernel. This information can be used in different ways. SELinux uses the audit daemon to record events. While there are other logging services it is recommended you leave this enabled (especially for users with SELinux enabled). Some information on how to utilize audit can be found on RH Magazine.

autofs

This mounts removable disks (such as USB harddrives) on demand. It is recommended to keep this enabled if you use removable media.

avahi-daemon

Avahi is an implementation of zeroconf and is useful for detecting devices and services on local network without a DNS server. This is also the same as mDNS. Most users may have this disabled. Please note that in order to use the networked audio functionality of Pulse Audio you will need Avahi enabled.

bluetooth, hcid, hidd, dund, pand

Bluetooth is for portable local wireless devices (NOT wifi,802.11). Some laptops come with bluetooth support. There are bluetooth mice, headsets and cell phone accessories. Most people do not have bluetooth support or devices, and should disable this. Other services with bluetooth: hcid manages all devices, hidd provides support for input devices (keyboard, mouse), dund supports dialup networking over bluetooth, pand allows connections to ethernet networks over bluetooth.

btseed, bttrack

These services support the automatic seeding and tracking for torrents used by the peer-to-peer networking system BitTorrent. These should be disabled unless you specifically wish to seed or track torrents. By seeding you are essentially sharing the contents of the torrent with others and by tracking you are coordinate the action of other BitTorrent clients. More information from a BitTorrent FAQ. Keep in mind these require network bandwidth and other configuration as well.

capi

For users with ISDN hardware only. Should be disabled for most users.

cpuspeed

This throttles your CPU runtime frequency to save power. Many modern laptop CPU’s support this feature and now many desktops also support this. Most people should enable only if they are users of Pentium-M, Centrino, AMD PowerNow, Transmetta, Intel SpeedStep, Athlon-64, Athlon-X2, Intel Core 2 hardware. Disable this if you want your CPU to remain at a fixed state.

cron

See anacron.

cupsd

Used for printing. These should be enabled only if you have CUPS compatible printer that works in Fedora.

dund

See bluetooth.

firstboot

This service is specific to Fedora’s installation process meant to perform certain tasks that should only be executed once upon booting after installation. Even though it verifies it has been run before (using /etc/sysconfig/firstboot), it can be disabled.

gpm

This is the console mouse pointer (no graphics). If you do not use the text console (CTRL-ALT-F1,F2..) then disable this. However it is good practice to leave this enabled for runlevel 3 (console) and disabled for runlevel 5 (x-server).

haldaemon

HAL refers to the Hardware Abstraction Layer. This is a critical service for collecting and maintaing information about hardware from several sources. Fedora requires this, hence leave this enabled. Read for an overview of HAL.

hplip, hpiod, hpssd

HPLIP is a service to support HP printers in Linux, including Inkjet, DeskJet, OfficeJet, Photosmart, Business Inkjet and some LaserJet printers. This supported by HP through HP Linux Printing Project. HPLIP should be enabled only if you have a supported compatible printer.

httpd

This is the Apache HTTP Web Server. If you installed this and are doing web development then leave this enabled. However most desktop users and/or non-developers should leave this disabled.

iptables

This is the standard Linux software firewall. This is highly recommended if you are directly connected to internet (cable, DSL, T1). It is not required if you use a hardware firewall (D-Link, Netgear, Linksys, etc) but it is still recommended.

ip6tables

This services is the firewall for IPv6 communication. If you are not using IPv6 (most users), then you can disable this.

irda, irattach

IrDA support infrared communications between devices (laptops, PDA’s, mobile phones, calculators, etc). This should be disabled for most users.

irqbalance

This service is to increase performance across processors on a multiprocessor system. For users who do not have multiple processors/multiple cores this should be disabled. However newer computers with multi-core CPU’s (Intel Core 2 Duo, AMD X2) should enable this. Leaving this enabled will not effect performance on single CPU/single core systems.

isdn

This is another form of internet connect service/hardware. Unless you have an ISDN modem, disable this.

kudzu

Kudzu is Fedora’s hardware probing service. It optionally configures changed hardware. If you swap hardware or need to detect/re-detect hardware this can be left enabled. However most desktop or servers can disable this and run it only when necessary.

lirc

LIRC provides support for infrared remote controls in Linux. If you do not have this hardware, leave this disabled. However this is required for infrared control in applications such as Myth TV.

lisa

LISa is LAN information service and provides similar functionality to the “network neighbourhood” concept in Windows. While this is only useful for computers on a network, users of Samba or NFS may not require this. Most users should leave this disabled.

lm_sensors

lm_sensors provides monitoring for motherboard sensor values or specific hardware (commonly used with laptops or high-end servers). It is useful for watching realtime values for PC health, etc. This is also popular with GKrellM users. It is recommended to disable this unless you have a need.

mcstrans

This is required to see proper context information when you are using SELinux. By default, Fedora has SELinux enabled. Users who do not use SELinux can disable this.

mdmonitor

Is useful for monitoring Software RAID or LVM information. It is not a critical service and may be disabled.

messagebus

This is an IPC (Interprocess Communication) service for Linux. Specifically this communicates with D-BUS, a critical component. It is highly recommended to leave this enabled.

nasd

The Network Audio System is a network transparent, client/server audio transport system. It can be described as the audio equivalent of an X server. This is connected into the KDE sound system. This should be left enabled.

netconsole

Initializes network console logging. This can be left to its default disabled state.

netfs

This is used for automatic mounting of any shared network file space such as NFS, Samba, etc on bootup. Useful if you connect to another server or filesharing on your local network. Most single desktop/laptop users should have this disabled.

netplugd

Netplugd can monitor network interfaces and executes commands when their state changes. This can be left to default disabled.

nfs, nfslock

This the standard network file sharing for Unix/Linux/BSD style operating systems. Unless you require to share data in this manner, disable this.

nmbd

This is used by Samba. Please see Samba.

nscd

This daemon handles passwords and caches them for naming/authentication services like NIS, NIS+, LDAP, or hesiod. This should be disabled.

ntpd

This automatically updates the system time from the internet. Mentioned in the installation process. If you have an active (”always-on”) internet connection it is recommended you enable this, but it is not required.

pand

See bluetooth.

pcscd

Provides support for Smart Cards and Smart Card Readers. This are small chip like devices that are embedded in certain credit cards, identification cards, etc. Unless you have such a reader, this should be disabled.

restorecond

Is used to monitor and restore proper file contexts for SELinux. This is nNOT required but highly recommended if you use SELinux.

rpcbind

This manages remote procedure call support for other services (such as NFS or NIS). This is similar to ‘portmap’. This can be disabled if you have no other services depend on it.

rpcgssd, rpcidmapd, rpcsvcgssd

Used for NFS v4. Unless you require or use NFS v4, these should be disabled.

sendmail

Unless you run a server or you like to transfer or support a locally shared IMAP or POP3 service, most people do NOT need a mail transport agent. If you check your mail on the web (hotmail/yahoo/gmail) or you use a mail program such as Thunderbird, Kmail, Evolution, etc. then you should disable this.

setroubleshoot

This is the SELinux Troubleshooting Daemon. This services provides information to the setroubleshoot Browser. This application provides notices on the desktop if there were SELinux problems (usually AVC denials. While this is not a critical service it is incredibly helpful for debuggin SELinux issues. Leave this enabled only if you have SELinux enabled.

smartd

The SMART Disk Monitoring Daemon can be used to monitor and predict disk failure or problems on hard disk that support this. Most desktop users may not need this unless there is possible problems, but is it recommend to be left enabled (especially for servers).

smb

The SAMBA daemon is required to share files from Linux to Windows. This should be enabled only if you have windows computers that require file access to Linux. There is information on configuring Samba for Fedora 7.

smolt

This daemon provides monthly information for Smolt which is gather statistics and information to assist Fedora developers. Statistics are available. Users who wish to help and share information should enable this, otherwise leave this disabled.

sshd

SSH allows other users to log into or run applications on your computer from another computer on your network or remotely. This is a potential security issue. This is not needed if you have no other computers or no need to login from a remote location (work, school, etc.). Most likely this should be disabled.

udev-post

The device management system Fedora uses is ‘udev’. By default ‘udev’ supports many rules, permissions and behaviours for devices. This service allows for saving user applied rules. It is highly recommended to leave enabled.

wpa_supplicant

This service is required if you use a wireless card that requires WPA based encryption to connect to an Access Point, VPN or Radius Server. Most other users can leave this disabled.

yum-updatesd

The YUM Update notifier daemon provides notification of updates which are available to be installed to your computer. If you do NOT have an active (”always-on”) internet connection leave this disabled. Some updates are for security and many are for bug fixes and or newer software versions. Please understand that continuous updating with yum may lead to many problems.

Software equivalents:

MS word – Open Office Writer (command owriter)

MS Excel – Open Office Calc (oocalc)

MS Powerpoint – Open Office Impress(ooimpress)

Yahoo messenger – Pidgin (formerly known as GAIM)

Skype – Skype for Linux

EMS PostgresSQL Manager – PgAdmin for Linux

Outlook Express -Thunder Bird

To mount windows partitions for back up:

—————————

Login as root and type the command:

If you dont have root access prefix ’sudo’ before the commands

fdsik -l

You can recognize your old windows partitions by seeing the “system” name (say Ntfs/Fat32)

For Fat32

—————

mount /dev/Hard_disk_name/ /home/user_account/Newfolder_to_mount/

To unmount

——————–

umont /dev/Hard_disk_name/

For NTFS

————

mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/hard_disk_name/ /home/user_account/newfolder_to_mount/ -o force

To unmount

———————

umount -f mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sdb7 /home/kannan/win/ -o force

after mounting succesfully

List the old windows files in /home/user_account/newfolder_to_mount/

!!!!Have a look at a typical FC8 Desktop:

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